Paul Butterfield was the first white harmonica player to develop a style original and powerful enough to place him in the pantheon of true blues greats. It's impossible to overestimate the importance of the doors
Butterfield opened: before he came to prominence, white American musicians treated the blues with cautious respect, afraid of coming off as inauthentic. Not only did
Butterfield clear the way for white musicians to build upon blues tradition (instead of merely replicating it), but his storming sound was a major catalyst in bringing electric Chicago blues to white audiences who'd previously considered acoustic Delta blues the only really genuine article. His initial recordings from the mid-'60s -- featuring the legendary, racially integrated first edition of
the Paul Butterfield Blues Band -- were eclectic, groundbreaking offerings that fused electric blues with rock & roll, psychedelia, jazz, and even (on the classic
East-West) Indian classical music. As members of that band -- which included
Michael Bloomfield and
Elvin Bishop -- drifted away, the overall impact of
Butterfield's music lessened, even if his amplified harp playing was still beyond reproach. He had largely faded from the scene by the mid-'70s, and fell prey to health problems and drug addiction that sadly claimed his life prematurely. Even so, the enormity of
Butterfield's initial impact ensured that his legacy was already secure.
Butterfield was born December 17, 1942, in Chicago and grew up in Hyde Park, a liberal, integrated area on the city's South Side. His father, a lawyer, and mother, a painter, encouraged
Butterfield's musical studies from a young age, and he took flute lessons up through high school, with the first-chair flutist in the
Chicago Symphony Orchestra serving as his private tutor for a time. By this time, however,
Butterfield was growing interested in the blues music that permeated the South Side; he and college-age friend
Nick Gravenites (a future singer, guitarist, and songwriter in his own right) began hitting the area blues clubs in 1957.
Butterfield was inspired to take up guitar and harmonica, and he and
Gravenites began playing together on college campuses around the Midwest. After being forced to turn down a track scholarship to Brown University because of a knee injury,
Butterfield entered the University of Chicago, where he met a fellow white blues fan in guitarist
Elvin Bishop.
Butterfield was evolving into a decent singer, and not long after meeting
Bishop, he focused all his musical energy on the harmonica, developing his technique (mostly on diatonic harp, not chromatic) and tone; he soon dropped out of college to pursue music full-time.
After some intense woodshedding,
Butterfield and
Bishop began making the rounds of the South Side's blues clubs, sitting in whenever they could. They were often the only whites present, but were quickly accepted because of their enthusiasm and skill. In 1963, the North Side club Big John's offered
Butterfield's band a residency; he'd already recruited
Howlin' Wolf's rhythm section -- bassist
Jerome Arnold and drummer
Sam Lay -- by offering more money, and replaced original guitarist
Smokey Smothers with his friend
Bishop. The new quartet made an instant splash with their hard-driving versions of Chicago blues standards. In late 1964,
the Paul Butterfield Blues Band was discovered by producer
Paul Rothchild, and after adding lead guitarist
Michael Bloomfield, they signed to Elektra and recorded several sessions for a debut album, the results of which were later scrapped.
At first, there was friction between
Butterfield and
Bloomfield, since the harmonica man patterned his bandleading style after taskmasters like
Howlin' Wolf and
Little Walter; after a few months, though, their respect for each other's musical skills won out, and they began sitting in together at blues clubs around the city. A song from their aborted first session, the
Nick Gravenites-penned "Born in Chicago," was included on the Elektra sampler
Folksong '65 and created a strong buzz about the band. In the summer of 1965, they re-entered the studio for a second crack at their debut album, adding organist
Mark Naftalin as a permanent sixth member during the sessions. In the meantime, they were booked to play that year's Newport Folk Festival. When
Bob Dylan witnessed their well-received performance at an urban blues workshop during the festival, he recruited
Butterfield's band to back him for part of his own set later that evening. Roundly booed by acoustic purists,
Dylan's plugged-in performance with
the Butterfield Band ultimately shook the folk world to its foundations, kickstarting an electric folk-rock movement that effectively spelled the end of the traditionalist folk revival. On the heels of their historic performance at Newport,
the Paul Butterfield Blues Band released their self-titled debut album later in 1965. Now regarded as a classic, the LP caused quite a stir among white blues fans who had never heard electric Chicago-style blues performed by anyone besides British blues-rock groups. Not only did it sow the seeds of a thousand bar bands, but it also helped introduce more white listeners to the band's influences, especially
Muddy Waters and
B.B. King. Toward the end of 1965, drummer
Sam Lay fell ill and was replaced by the jazz-trained
Billy Davenport, whose rhythmic agility and sophistication soon made him a permanent member. He was particularly useful since
Butterfield was pushing to expand the band's sound, aided by
Bloomfield's growing interest in Eastern music, especially
Ravi Shankar. Their growing eclecticism manifested itself on their second album, 1966's
East-West, which remains their greatest achievement. The title cut was a lengthy instrumental suite incorporating blues, jazz, rock, psychedelia, and raga; although it became their signature statement, the rest of the album was equally inspired, perhaps due in part to
Butterfield's more relaxed, democratic approach to bandleading.
Unfortunately,
Mike Bloomfield left the band at the height of its success in 1967, and formed a new group called
the Electric Flag with
Nick Gravenites, which aspired to take
East-West's eclecticism even further.
Bishop moved into the lead guitar slot for the band's third album, 1967's
The Resurrection of Pigboy Crabshaw (a reference to
Bishop's nickname). Displaying a greater soul influence, the album also featured a new rhythm section in bassist
Bugsy Maugh and drummer
Phil Wilson, plus a horn section that included a young
David Sanborn.
Pigboy Crabshaw proved to be the closing point of
the Butterfield Band's glory days; the 1968 follow-up,
In My Own Dream, was uneven in its songwriting and focus, and both
Elvin Bishop and
Mark Naftalin left the band before year's end. Still hoping for a breakout commercial hit, Elektra brought in producer/songwriter
Jerry Ragovoy, a longtime R&B professional, which marked the first time they'd asserted control over a
Butterfield recording. That didn't sit well with
Butterfield, who wanted to move in a jazzier direction than
Ragovoy's radio-friendly style allowed; the result, 1969's
Keep on Moving, was another inconsistent outing, despite the return of
Billy Davenport and an injection of energy from the band's new guitarist, 19-year-old
Buzzy Feiten. 1969 wasn't a washout for
Butterfield, though; his band was still popular enough to make the bill at Woodstock, and he also took part in an all-star
Muddy Waters session dubbed
Fathers and Sons, which showcased the Chicago giant's influence on the new generation of bluesmen and greatly broadened his audience.
After 1970's
Live and the following year's studio effort
Sometimes I Just Feel Like Smilin',
Butterfield broke up his band and parted ways with Elektra. Tired of all the touring and personnel turnover, he retreated to the communal atmosphere of Woodstock, still a musicians' haven in the early '70s, and in 1971 formed a new group eventually dubbed
Better Days. Guitarist
Amos Garrett and drummer
Chris Parker were the first to join, and with folk duo
Geoff and
Maria Muldaur in tow, the band was initially fleshed out by organist
Merl Saunders and bassist
John Kahn, both from San Francisco. Sans
Geoff Muldaur, this aggregation worked on the soundtrack of the film
Steelyard Blues, but
Saunders and
Kahn soon returned to the Bay Area, and were replaced by New Orleans pianist
Ronnie Barron and
Taj Mahal bassist
Billy Rich. This lineup -- with
Geoff Muldaur back, plus contributions from singer/songwriter
Bobby Charles -- released the group's first album,
Better Days, in 1972 on
Butterfield manager
Albert Grossman's new Bearsville label. While it didn't quite match up to
Butterfield's earliest efforts, it did return him to critical favor. A follow-up,
It All Comes Back, was released in 1973 to positive response, and in 1975 he backed
Muddy Waters once again on
The Woodstock Album, the last LP release ever on Chess.
Butterfield subsequently pursued a solo career, with diminishing returns. His
Henry Glover-produced solo debut,
Put It in Your Ear, appeared in 1976, but failed to impress many: his harmonica playing was pushed away from the spotlight, and the material was erratic at best. The same year, he appeared in
the Band's farewell concert film,
The Last Waltz. Over the next few years,
Butterfield mostly confined himself to session work; he attempted a comeback in 1981 with legendary Memphis soul producer
Willie Mitchell, but the sessions -- released as
North-South -- were burdened by synthesizers and weak material. By this time,
Butterfield's health was in decline; years of heavy drinking were beginning to catch up to him, and he also contracted peritonitis, a painful intestinal condition. At some point -- none of his friends knew quite when --
Butterfield also developed an addiction to heroin; he'd been stridently opposed to it as a bandleader, leading to speculation that he was trying to ease his peritonitis symptoms. He began to play more gigs in Los Angeles during the early '80s, and eventually relocated there permanently; he also toured on a limited basis during the mid-'80s, and in 1986 released his final album,
The Legendary Paul Butterfield Rides Again. However, his addiction was bankrupting him, and in the past half-decade he'd seen
Mike Bloomfield,
Muddy Waters, and manager
Albert Grossman pass away, each loss leaving him shaken. On May 4, 1987,
Butterfield himself died of a drug overdose; he was not quite 45 years old.
