
DEREK AND THE DOMINOS
''THE LAYLA SESSIONS 20TH ANNIVERSARY EDITION, DISC TWO''
SEPTEMBER 18 1990
216:42
**********
DISC ONE (76:29)
1 I Looked Away 3:03 (Bobby Whitlock, Eric Clapton)
Bass Guitar, Percussion – Carl Radle
Drums, Percussion – Jim Gordon
Guitar, Vocals – Eric Clapton
Organ, Vocals – Bobby Whitlock
2 Bell Bottom Blues 5:00 (Eric Clapton)
Bass Guitar, Percussion – Carl Radle
Drums, Percussion – Jim Gordon
Guitar, Vocals – Eric Clapton
Organ, Vocals – Bobby Whitlock
3 Keep On Growing 6:20 (Bobby Whitlock, Eric Clapton)
Bass Guitar, Percussion – Carl Radle
Drums, Percussion – Jim Gordon
Guitar, Vocals – Eric Clapton
Organ, Piano, Vocals – Bobby Whitlock
4 Nobody Knows You When You're Down And Out 5:00 (Jimmie Cox)
Bass Guitar – Carl Radle
Drums – Jim Gordon
Guitar – Duane Allman
Guitar, Vocals – Eric Clapton
Organ – Bobby Whitlock
Piano – Albhy Galuten
5 I Am Yours 3:34 (Eric Clapton, Nizami)
Bass Guitar, Percussion – Carl Radle
Drums, Percussion – Jim Gordon
Guitar – Duane Allman
Guitar, Vocals – Eric Clapton
Organ, Vocals – Bobby Whitlock
6 Anyday 6:33 (Bobby Whitlock, Eric Clapton)
Bass Guitar, Percussion – Carl Radle
Drums, Percussion – Jim Gordon
Guitar – Duane Allman
Guitar, Vocals – Eric Clapton
Organ, Piano, Vocals – Bobby Whitlock
7 Key To The Highway 9:41 (Willie Broonzy, Charles Segar)
Bass Guitar – Carl Radle
Drums – Jim Gordon
Guitar – Duane Allman
Guitar, Vocals – Eric Clapton
Piano – Bobby Whitlock
8 Tell The Truth 6:37 (Bobby Whitlock, Eric Clapton)
Bass Guitar, Percussion – Carl Radle
Drums, Percussion – Jim Gordon
Guitar – Duane Allman
Guitar, Vocals – Eric Clapton
Piano, Vocals – Bobby Whitlock
9 Why Does Love Got To Be So Sad 4:43 (Bobby Whitlock, Eric Clapton)
Bass Guitar, Percussion – Carl Radle
Drums, Percussion – Jim Gordon
Guitar – Duane Allman
Guitar, Vocals – Eric Clapton
Organ, Vocals – Bobby Whitlock
10 Have You Ever Loved A Woman 6:54 (Billy Myles)
Bass Guitar – Carl Radle
Drums – Jim Gordon
Guitar – Duane Allman
Guitar, Vocals – Eric Clapton
Piano – Bobby Whitlock
11 Little Wing 5:34 (Jimi Hendrix)
Bass Guitar – Carl Radle
Drums – Jim Gordon
Guitar – Duane Allman
Guitar, Vocals – Eric Clapton
Organ, Vocals – Bobby Whitlock
12 It's Too Late 3:48 (Chuck Willis)
Bass Guitar - Carl Radle
Drums – Jim Gordon
Guitar – Duane Allman
Guitar, Vocals – Eric Clapton
Piano, Vocals – Bobby Whitlock
13 Layla 7:05 (Eric Clapton, Jim Gordon)
Bass Guitar – Carl Radle
Drums, Percussion, Piano – Jim Gordon
Guitar – Duane Allman
Guitar, Vocals – Eric Clapton
Organ, Piano, Vocals – Bobby Whitlock
14 Thorn Tree In The Garden 2:52 (Bobby Whitlock)
Bass Guitar – Carl Radle
Guitar – Duane Allman,
Guitar, Vocals - Eric Clapton
Keyboards – Bobby Whitlock
Percussion – Jim Gordon
*****
DISC TWO - THE JAMS (76:29)
1 Jam I 19:59 (Whitlock, Radle, Clapton, Gordon)
Bass Guitar – Carl Radle
Drums – Jim Gordon
Guitar – Eric Clapton
Organ – Bobby Whitlock
2 Jam II 12:24 (Whitlock, Radle, Clapton, Gordon)
Bass Guitar – Carl Radle
Drums – Jim Gordon
Guitar – Eric Clapton
Organ – Bobby Whitlock
3 Jam III 13:22 (Whitlock, Radle, Clapton, Gordon)
Bass Guitar – Carl Radle
Drums – Jim Gordon
Guitar – Eric Clapton
Organ – Bobby Whitlock
4 Jam IV 12:21 (Whitlock, Oakley, Clapton, Trucks, Betts, Allman, Allman)
Bass Guitar – Berry Oakley
Drums – Butch Trucks
Guitars – Dickey Betts, Duane Allman, Eric Clapton
Organ – Bobby Whitlock
Piano – Gregg Allman
5 Jam V 18:24 (Whitlock, Radle, Allman, Clapton, Gordon)
Bass Guitar – Carl Radle
Drums – Jim Gordon
Guitar – Duane Allman, Eric Clapton
Piano – Bobby Whitlock
*****
DISC THREE - ALTERNATE MASTERS, JAMS AND OUTTAKES (63:44)
1 Have You Ever Loved A Woman (Alternate Master #1) 5:51 (Billy Myles)
Bass Guitar – Carl Radle
Drums – Jim Gordon
Guitar, Vocals – Eric Clapton
Piano – Bobby Whitlock
2 Have You Ever Loved A Woman (Alternate Master #2) 4:59 (Billy Myles)
Bass Guitar – Carl Radle
Drums – Jim Gordon
Guitar, Vocals – Eric Clapton
Piano – Bobby Whitlock
3 Tell The Truth (Jam #1) 9:38 (Bobby Whitlock, Eric Clapton)
Bass Guitar – Carl Radle
Drums – Jim Gordon
Guitar – Eric Clapton
Organ – Bobby Whitlock
4 Tell The Truth (Jam #2) 13:47(Bobby Whitlock, Eric Clapton)
Bass Guitar – Carl Radle
Drums – Jim Gordon
Guitar – Eric Clapton
Organ – Bobby Whitlock
5 Mean Old World (Rehearsal) 14:55 (Walter Jacobs)
Bass Guitar – Carl Radle
Drums – Jim Gordon
Guitar – Duane Allman
Guitar, Vocals – Eric Clapton
Piano – Bobby Whitlock
6 Mean Old World (Band Version, Master Take) 3:36 (Walter Jacobs)
Bass Guitar – Carl Radle
Drums – Jim Gordon
Guitar – Duane Allman
Guitar, Vocals – Eric Clapton
Piano – Bobby Whitlock
7 Mean Old World (Duet Version, Master Take) 3:50 (Walter Jacobs)
Bass Guitar – Carl Radle
Guitar – Duane Allman
Guitar, Vocals – Eric Clapton
8 (When Things Go Wrong) It Hurts Me Too (Jam) 1:56 (Mel London)
Guitar – Duane Allman, Eric Clapton
9 Tender Love (Incomplete Master) 2:42 (Bobby Whitlock, Eric Clapton)
Bass Guitar – Carl Radle
Drums – Jim Gordon
Guitar – Eric Clapton
Organ – Bobby Whitlock
10 It's Too Late (Alternate Master) 4:05 (Chuck Willis)
Bass Guitar – Carl Radle
Drums – Jim Gordon
Guitar – Duane Allman
Guitar, Vocals – Eric Clapton
Piano – Bobby Whitlock
**********
REVIEW/AMG
Bruce Eder
This three-CD box did a lot of good for rock reissues, though not necessarily for the Layla & Other Assorted Love Songs album. It was the first high-profile reissue to treat rock with the same respect that scholars had long accorded jazz, going beyond the finished tracks to the outtakes and anything else usable that turned up in the vaults. Getting to that point, however, involved a mistake that compromised the most attractive element of the box, the remastering of the original album. Layla & Other Assorted Love Songs had been a vexation since the dawn of the CD era, its first issue marred by harsh textures and lots of noise, a result of the multiple overdubs on the original album. Then Polygram issued the Eric Clapton box Crossroads in 1988, which included a new remastering of "Layla" and the handful of other songs from the album; in the course of preparing that set, the producers stumbled upon the long-missing multi-tracks from the Layla album sessions. Thus, they had access to all of the outtakes, as well as the raw material needed to remix the whole album. That was what they did on this box, rebuilding each song from its original multi-track session recordings on disc one, assembling various unused alternate masters of six of the songs on disc two, and filling up disc three with 76 minutes of studio jamming by the band, divided into four extended tracks. And the result of all of that work was more harsh criticism from the public and reviewers, who felt that the remixed album lacked the Phil Spector-ish Wall of Sound element that had made the original LP a larger-than-life experience. Still, the concept behind the box was sound, and it is possible for the real fan to appreciate the nuances of the playing on the original tracks as never before, and fascinating to hear, say, the newly exposed solo guitar part on "Anyday" or the layers of instruments throughout. The annotation -- featuring detailed recollections by the late Tom Dowd, who engineered the album -- told of precisely how intense, creative, and quick those recordings were. The producers even included copies of the tracking sheets for the individual songs, the notes by the engineer detailing which recorded tracks to use, and how and where solos, vocals, guitar harmony, fades, and other elements of the song related to each other when assembling the finished songs. The jams are primarily for the hardcore fan, though they're not bad -- they're of a piece with (but much more interesting than) the "Apple Jam" tracks off of George Harrison's All Things Must Pass (which, coincidentally, comprised the sessions whence the Dominos were spawned). Clapton and Duane Allman take their playing in consistently interesting directions, with Bobby Whitlock's keyboards not far behind and Carl Radle and Jim Gordon providing a rocksteady rhythm section, even if little of the material is as attractive as the songs off of the finished album; besides, it's difficult to complain of being given the opportunity to hear two of the greatest guitarists in the world stretching out for over an hour of spontaneous playing. Each of the jams has a different beat and character, the first being rather blues-soaked, the second rocking harder, the third more laid-back, and the fourth delving into Booker T. & the M.G.'s territory. This set isn't the ultimate, enveloping experience of the Layla album that it could have been -- a couple of years later, Mobile Fidelity released a CD that captured the majesty of the original album much better, and at the end of the '90s, Polygram followed suit as part of the "Clapton Remasters" series -- but it is still a choice listening experience for any hardcore fan of Eric Clapton, Duane Allman, or the Allman Brothers, or the Dominos.
**********
BIOGRAPHY/AMG
William Ruhlmann
Derek & the Dominos was a group formed by guitarist/singer Eric Clapton (born Eric Patrick Clapp, March 30, 1945, Ripley, Surrey, England) with other former members of Delaney & Bonnie & Friends, in the spring of 1970. The rest of the lineup was Bobby Whitlock (b. 1948, Memphis, TN) (keyboards, vocals), Carl Radle (b. 1942, Oklahoma City, OK -- d. May 30, 1980) (bass), and Jim Gordon (b. 1945, Los Angeles) (drums). The group debuted at the Lyceum Ballroom in London on June 14 and undertook a summer tour of England. From late August to early October, they recorded the celebrated double album Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs (November 1970) with guitarist Duane Allman sitting in. They then returned to touring in England and the U.S., playing their final date on December 6.
The Layla album was successful in the U.S., where "Bell Bottom Blues" and the title song charted as singles in abbreviated versions, but it did not chart in the U.K. The Dominos reconvened to record a second album in May 1971, but split up without completing it. Clapton then retired from the music business, nursing a heroin addiction.
In his absence, and in the wake of Allman's death in a motorcycle accident on October 29, 1971, The Dominos and Layla gained in stature. Re-released as a single at its full, seven-minute length in connection with the compilation album History of Eric Clapton (Atco 803) (March 1972), "Layla" hit the Top Ten in the U.S. and the U.K. in the summer of 1972. (It would return to the U.K. Top Ten in 1982.) A live album, Derek and the Dominos in Concert (January 1973), taken from the 1970 U.S. tour, was also a strong seller.
Time has only added to the renown of the group, which is now rated among Eric Clapton's most outstanding achievements. The 1988 Eric Clapton box set retrospective Crossroads featured material from the abortive second album sessions. The Layla Sessions was a 1990 box set expanding that album across three CDs/cassettes. Live at the Fillmore (1994) offered an expanded version of the In Concert album.
**********
TO THE TOP
**********
''THE LAYLA SESSIONS 20TH ANNIVERSARY EDITION, DISC TWO''
SEPTEMBER 18 1990
216:42
**********
DISC ONE (76:29)
1 I Looked Away 3:03 (Bobby Whitlock, Eric Clapton)
Bass Guitar, Percussion – Carl Radle
Drums, Percussion – Jim Gordon
Guitar, Vocals – Eric Clapton
Organ, Vocals – Bobby Whitlock
2 Bell Bottom Blues 5:00 (Eric Clapton)
Bass Guitar, Percussion – Carl Radle
Drums, Percussion – Jim Gordon
Guitar, Vocals – Eric Clapton
Organ, Vocals – Bobby Whitlock
3 Keep On Growing 6:20 (Bobby Whitlock, Eric Clapton)
Bass Guitar, Percussion – Carl Radle
Drums, Percussion – Jim Gordon
Guitar, Vocals – Eric Clapton
Organ, Piano, Vocals – Bobby Whitlock
4 Nobody Knows You When You're Down And Out 5:00 (Jimmie Cox)
Bass Guitar – Carl Radle
Drums – Jim Gordon
Guitar – Duane Allman
Guitar, Vocals – Eric Clapton
Organ – Bobby Whitlock
Piano – Albhy Galuten
5 I Am Yours 3:34 (Eric Clapton, Nizami)
Bass Guitar, Percussion – Carl Radle
Drums, Percussion – Jim Gordon
Guitar – Duane Allman
Guitar, Vocals – Eric Clapton
Organ, Vocals – Bobby Whitlock
6 Anyday 6:33 (Bobby Whitlock, Eric Clapton)
Bass Guitar, Percussion – Carl Radle
Drums, Percussion – Jim Gordon
Guitar – Duane Allman
Guitar, Vocals – Eric Clapton
Organ, Piano, Vocals – Bobby Whitlock
7 Key To The Highway 9:41 (Willie Broonzy, Charles Segar)
Bass Guitar – Carl Radle
Drums – Jim Gordon
Guitar – Duane Allman
Guitar, Vocals – Eric Clapton
Piano – Bobby Whitlock
8 Tell The Truth 6:37 (Bobby Whitlock, Eric Clapton)
Bass Guitar, Percussion – Carl Radle
Drums, Percussion – Jim Gordon
Guitar – Duane Allman
Guitar, Vocals – Eric Clapton
Piano, Vocals – Bobby Whitlock
9 Why Does Love Got To Be So Sad 4:43 (Bobby Whitlock, Eric Clapton)
Bass Guitar, Percussion – Carl Radle
Drums, Percussion – Jim Gordon
Guitar – Duane Allman
Guitar, Vocals – Eric Clapton
Organ, Vocals – Bobby Whitlock
10 Have You Ever Loved A Woman 6:54 (Billy Myles)
Bass Guitar – Carl Radle
Drums – Jim Gordon
Guitar – Duane Allman
Guitar, Vocals – Eric Clapton
Piano – Bobby Whitlock
11 Little Wing 5:34 (Jimi Hendrix)
Bass Guitar – Carl Radle
Drums – Jim Gordon
Guitar – Duane Allman
Guitar, Vocals – Eric Clapton
Organ, Vocals – Bobby Whitlock
12 It's Too Late 3:48 (Chuck Willis)
Bass Guitar - Carl Radle
Drums – Jim Gordon
Guitar – Duane Allman
Guitar, Vocals – Eric Clapton
Piano, Vocals – Bobby Whitlock
13 Layla 7:05 (Eric Clapton, Jim Gordon)
Bass Guitar – Carl Radle
Drums, Percussion, Piano – Jim Gordon
Guitar – Duane Allman
Guitar, Vocals – Eric Clapton
Organ, Piano, Vocals – Bobby Whitlock
14 Thorn Tree In The Garden 2:52 (Bobby Whitlock)
Bass Guitar – Carl Radle
Guitar – Duane Allman,
Guitar, Vocals - Eric Clapton
Keyboards – Bobby Whitlock
Percussion – Jim Gordon
*****
DISC TWO - THE JAMS (76:29)
1 Jam I 19:59 (Whitlock, Radle, Clapton, Gordon)
Bass Guitar – Carl Radle
Drums – Jim Gordon
Guitar – Eric Clapton
Organ – Bobby Whitlock
2 Jam II 12:24 (Whitlock, Radle, Clapton, Gordon)
Bass Guitar – Carl Radle
Drums – Jim Gordon
Guitar – Eric Clapton
Organ – Bobby Whitlock
3 Jam III 13:22 (Whitlock, Radle, Clapton, Gordon)
Bass Guitar – Carl Radle
Drums – Jim Gordon
Guitar – Eric Clapton
Organ – Bobby Whitlock
4 Jam IV 12:21 (Whitlock, Oakley, Clapton, Trucks, Betts, Allman, Allman)
Bass Guitar – Berry Oakley
Drums – Butch Trucks
Guitars – Dickey Betts, Duane Allman, Eric Clapton
Organ – Bobby Whitlock
Piano – Gregg Allman
5 Jam V 18:24 (Whitlock, Radle, Allman, Clapton, Gordon)
Bass Guitar – Carl Radle
Drums – Jim Gordon
Guitar – Duane Allman, Eric Clapton
Piano – Bobby Whitlock
*****
DISC THREE - ALTERNATE MASTERS, JAMS AND OUTTAKES (63:44)
1 Have You Ever Loved A Woman (Alternate Master #1) 5:51 (Billy Myles)
Bass Guitar – Carl Radle
Drums – Jim Gordon
Guitar, Vocals – Eric Clapton
Piano – Bobby Whitlock
2 Have You Ever Loved A Woman (Alternate Master #2) 4:59 (Billy Myles)
Bass Guitar – Carl Radle
Drums – Jim Gordon
Guitar, Vocals – Eric Clapton
Piano – Bobby Whitlock
3 Tell The Truth (Jam #1) 9:38 (Bobby Whitlock, Eric Clapton)
Bass Guitar – Carl Radle
Drums – Jim Gordon
Guitar – Eric Clapton
Organ – Bobby Whitlock
4 Tell The Truth (Jam #2) 13:47(Bobby Whitlock, Eric Clapton)
Bass Guitar – Carl Radle
Drums – Jim Gordon
Guitar – Eric Clapton
Organ – Bobby Whitlock
5 Mean Old World (Rehearsal) 14:55 (Walter Jacobs)
Bass Guitar – Carl Radle
Drums – Jim Gordon
Guitar – Duane Allman
Guitar, Vocals – Eric Clapton
Piano – Bobby Whitlock
6 Mean Old World (Band Version, Master Take) 3:36 (Walter Jacobs)
Bass Guitar – Carl Radle
Drums – Jim Gordon
Guitar – Duane Allman
Guitar, Vocals – Eric Clapton
Piano – Bobby Whitlock
7 Mean Old World (Duet Version, Master Take) 3:50 (Walter Jacobs)
Bass Guitar – Carl Radle
Guitar – Duane Allman
Guitar, Vocals – Eric Clapton
8 (When Things Go Wrong) It Hurts Me Too (Jam) 1:56 (Mel London)
Guitar – Duane Allman, Eric Clapton
9 Tender Love (Incomplete Master) 2:42 (Bobby Whitlock, Eric Clapton)
Bass Guitar – Carl Radle
Drums – Jim Gordon
Guitar – Eric Clapton
Organ – Bobby Whitlock
10 It's Too Late (Alternate Master) 4:05 (Chuck Willis)
Bass Guitar – Carl Radle
Drums – Jim Gordon
Guitar – Duane Allman
Guitar, Vocals – Eric Clapton
Piano – Bobby Whitlock
**********
REVIEW/AMG
Bruce Eder
This three-CD box did a lot of good for rock reissues, though not necessarily for the Layla & Other Assorted Love Songs album. It was the first high-profile reissue to treat rock with the same respect that scholars had long accorded jazz, going beyond the finished tracks to the outtakes and anything else usable that turned up in the vaults. Getting to that point, however, involved a mistake that compromised the most attractive element of the box, the remastering of the original album. Layla & Other Assorted Love Songs had been a vexation since the dawn of the CD era, its first issue marred by harsh textures and lots of noise, a result of the multiple overdubs on the original album. Then Polygram issued the Eric Clapton box Crossroads in 1988, which included a new remastering of "Layla" and the handful of other songs from the album; in the course of preparing that set, the producers stumbled upon the long-missing multi-tracks from the Layla album sessions. Thus, they had access to all of the outtakes, as well as the raw material needed to remix the whole album. That was what they did on this box, rebuilding each song from its original multi-track session recordings on disc one, assembling various unused alternate masters of six of the songs on disc two, and filling up disc three with 76 minutes of studio jamming by the band, divided into four extended tracks. And the result of all of that work was more harsh criticism from the public and reviewers, who felt that the remixed album lacked the Phil Spector-ish Wall of Sound element that had made the original LP a larger-than-life experience. Still, the concept behind the box was sound, and it is possible for the real fan to appreciate the nuances of the playing on the original tracks as never before, and fascinating to hear, say, the newly exposed solo guitar part on "Anyday" or the layers of instruments throughout. The annotation -- featuring detailed recollections by the late Tom Dowd, who engineered the album -- told of precisely how intense, creative, and quick those recordings were. The producers even included copies of the tracking sheets for the individual songs, the notes by the engineer detailing which recorded tracks to use, and how and where solos, vocals, guitar harmony, fades, and other elements of the song related to each other when assembling the finished songs. The jams are primarily for the hardcore fan, though they're not bad -- they're of a piece with (but much more interesting than) the "Apple Jam" tracks off of George Harrison's All Things Must Pass (which, coincidentally, comprised the sessions whence the Dominos were spawned). Clapton and Duane Allman take their playing in consistently interesting directions, with Bobby Whitlock's keyboards not far behind and Carl Radle and Jim Gordon providing a rocksteady rhythm section, even if little of the material is as attractive as the songs off of the finished album; besides, it's difficult to complain of being given the opportunity to hear two of the greatest guitarists in the world stretching out for over an hour of spontaneous playing. Each of the jams has a different beat and character, the first being rather blues-soaked, the second rocking harder, the third more laid-back, and the fourth delving into Booker T. & the M.G.'s territory. This set isn't the ultimate, enveloping experience of the Layla album that it could have been -- a couple of years later, Mobile Fidelity released a CD that captured the majesty of the original album much better, and at the end of the '90s, Polygram followed suit as part of the "Clapton Remasters" series -- but it is still a choice listening experience for any hardcore fan of Eric Clapton, Duane Allman, or the Allman Brothers, or the Dominos.
**********
BIOGRAPHY/AMG
William Ruhlmann
Derek & the Dominos was a group formed by guitarist/singer Eric Clapton (born Eric Patrick Clapp, March 30, 1945, Ripley, Surrey, England) with other former members of Delaney & Bonnie & Friends, in the spring of 1970. The rest of the lineup was Bobby Whitlock (b. 1948, Memphis, TN) (keyboards, vocals), Carl Radle (b. 1942, Oklahoma City, OK -- d. May 30, 1980) (bass), and Jim Gordon (b. 1945, Los Angeles) (drums). The group debuted at the Lyceum Ballroom in London on June 14 and undertook a summer tour of England. From late August to early October, they recorded the celebrated double album Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs (November 1970) with guitarist Duane Allman sitting in. They then returned to touring in England and the U.S., playing their final date on December 6.
The Layla album was successful in the U.S., where "Bell Bottom Blues" and the title song charted as singles in abbreviated versions, but it did not chart in the U.K. The Dominos reconvened to record a second album in May 1971, but split up without completing it. Clapton then retired from the music business, nursing a heroin addiction.
In his absence, and in the wake of Allman's death in a motorcycle accident on October 29, 1971, The Dominos and Layla gained in stature. Re-released as a single at its full, seven-minute length in connection with the compilation album History of Eric Clapton (Atco 803) (March 1972), "Layla" hit the Top Ten in the U.S. and the U.K. in the summer of 1972. (It would return to the U.K. Top Ten in 1982.) A live album, Derek and the Dominos in Concert (January 1973), taken from the 1970 U.S. tour, was also a strong seller.
Time has only added to the renown of the group, which is now rated among Eric Clapton's most outstanding achievements. The 1988 Eric Clapton box set retrospective Crossroads featured material from the abortive second album sessions. The Layla Sessions was a 1990 box set expanding that album across three CDs/cassettes. Live at the Fillmore (1994) offered an expanded version of the In Concert album.
**********
TO THE TOP
**********